bacteria shapes and names

The cells reduce their metabolic activity and consume non-essential cellular proteins. These bacteria have become resistant to certain antibiotics and can cause serious infections that may result in death. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. One example is Mycoplasma pneumonia, which is the causative agent of pneumonia. [91] Chemotrophs use chemical compounds as a source of energy by transferring electrons from a given electron donor to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction. This commonly involves Bacillus thuringiensis (also called BT), a Gram-positive, soil dwelling bacterium. [6][7][8][9] There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). - Scanning electron micrograph of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); courtesy of CDC, An average coccus is about 0.5-1.0 micrometer (µm) in diameter. [118] Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation", where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate.

2.1: Sizes, Shapes, and Arrangements of Bacteria, [ "article:topic", "authorname:kaiserg", "tetrad", "rod", "coccus", "bacillus", "spiral", "diplococcus", "streptococcus", "sarcina", "staphylococcus", "streptobacillus", "coccobacillus", "vibrio", "spirillum", "spirochete", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby" ], have been discovered in groundwater that was passed through a filter with a pore size of 0.2 micrometers µm). Many types of secretion systems are known and these structures are often essential for the virulence of pathogens, so are intensively studied. [206] His observations had also included protozoans which he called animalcules, and his findings were looked at again in the light of the more recent findings of cell theory.

This arrangement is formed when the bacteria divides unevenly or asymmetrically. The spiral shape can appear in several forms: vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete. [110], Most bacteria have a single circular chromosome that can range in size from only 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbiotic bacteria Carsonella ruddii,[111] to 12,200,000 base pairs (12.2 Mbp) in the soil-dwelling bacteria Sorangium cellulosum. The structure of bacteria is known for its simple body design. [155], The identification of bacteria in the laboratory is particularly relevant in medicine, where the correct treatment is determined by the bacterial species causing an infection. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector,[15] as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals. These bacteria have varying shapes and are said to be pleomorphic—they have different forms at different points in their life cycles. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archaea that consume hydrogen. [214][215], Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. One example is that some bacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen gas using the enzyme nitrogenase. It is known to be non-pathogenic but can be rendered pathogenic (i.e., harmful) in immunosuppressed individuals. Infection typically begins as a single sore at the site of infection. Bacteria are grouped into 2 major groups namely Gram +ve or Gram -ve based on the response to Gram’s stain. Budding involves a cell forming a protrusion that breaks away and produces a daughter cell. One such hypothesis states that the helical shape of, Also, some bacteria can change their morphology under environmental conditions or stress or during the process of pathogenicity. One example of diplococci strains is Neisseria gonorrhea. They showed an average length of only 323 nanometers (nm) and an average width of 242 nm. Specimens that are normally sterile, such as blood, urine or spinal fluid, are cultured under conditions designed to grow all possible organisms. Sarcinae Bacteria: These bacteria are usually non-motile, with sizes between 1.8 and 3.0 µm in diameter. Spiral bacteria are twisted and commonly occur in two forms: spirillum (spirilla plural) and spirochetes.

Hello world!

Click to share thisClick to share this