european imperialism

This was also the time the Industrial Revolution started to take shape in Great Britain. Moreover, a high level of nationalism was at the time being experienced across Europe, particularly as a result of Napoleon's Empire. This, of course, was utilized by some of the European governments as moral justification for their imperialistic foreign policies as British supremacy and influence increased. The conflict marked the end of Metternich's Concert of Europe. Previously, still lifes and portraits as well as landscapes had usually been painted indoors. Historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler argued that Bismarck’s imperialism in the 1880s was to shift attention away from the, “consequences of uneven economic growth, away from social tensions and away from the emancipatory task of modernizing German constitutional life and of democratizing society.”[10], Imperialism acted as a ‘social valve for change’ by lowing growing populations in home countries through emigration. Britain traded English wool and Indian cotton for Chinese tea

port city of Canton, sparking the Opium Wars of 1839- 1842. In the resultant peace treaty, the Danish king renounced his rights to the disputed territories of Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria respectively.

After he released it to the press in Europe, France declared war on Prussia, and the remaining German states joined Prussia for protection.

of Indochina--Annam, Tonkin, and Cochinchina (which together make Reformation 05. The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) permitted Britain's to rise among the world's predominant powers, it destroyed France's supremacy in Europe, in North America (1760s) and opened the conquest of large parts of India, thus altering the European balance of power. [3] The race for empire was not simply the machinations of European rulers and heads of state, but also wealthy businessmen who pursed imperial empire for financial and vainglorious reasons. This was as decisive as the previous conflict. Reacting immediately, an international expeditionary Eventually, opium poured into China faster than tea poured into As a result of the failure of the war in Russia, there was considerable discontent at home, and this discontent led to the Revolution of 1905. In his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wrote that creatures experience genetic mutations prior to birth. 1945 to Present

The telegraph was used for the first time as well, allowing for the first "live" war to be broadcast in the press. 11. This page was last edited on 4 September 2020, at 20:39. Belgium had taken the Congo in central Africa. Pavlov argued that people's actions are a response to being conditioned by stimuli in an environment.

People now began to believe that life is a struggle, and they began to try to explain these struggles. Britain and European powers used force and intimidation to force open Chinese ports. Austrian, and Italian troops put down the revolt and sacked Beijing

During this time, Sigmund Freud founded what is known as the psychoanalytical school of psychology. As a result, the October Manifesto was granted to stop the disturbances. Imperialism • Due to government's expanding role in education, organized religion also came under attack from the secular state. His reign began marred by the Decembrist revolt of 1825 among the soldiers, some of whom supported his other brother. Modern life was often unsettling to Europeans, as their old ways were being replaced by urbanization, industrialization, socialism, imperialism, and countless other new "ways.".

routes to India and beyond, hence its island holdings in the Mediterranean, Japan modelled European industrialization and militarism, and increased its focus on China, gaining dominion over Korea and establishing a claim to Manchuria. As a result, in 1861, he gave the serfs freedom. In addition, Alexander II ended the secret police started by Nicholas I, and he created public trials that had professional judges with state salaries as well as juries. Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin was appointed minister by the Czar to address the problems of 1905. The theory was fathered by Herbert Spencer. Throughout the nineteenth Century, Britain’s trade deficit increased as more products were imported and less were exported, and so international competition became ever more important when other nations began to colonize. Let us consider a few contemporaneous Rather, the resources and energy spent colonizing the world could be used to regain territory lost to in the Franco-Prussian War or assisting French people at home.[12]. to protect the interests of their respective countries. Such revolts were frequently small in scale, however, and were easily dealt with by the rulers of Italy. Schleswig and Holstein were German duchies whose ruler was also the Danish king, Frederick VII. Japan, envious of European expansion, became an imperial power itself and took away the Korean peninsula and the island of Taiwan. we are looking in the very long run. Carl Peters, the founder of the Society for German Colonization, secured 60,000 square miles of land in the east African interior through a series of treaties with local chiefs without the direction of the state. ( Log Out / 

and buying for an addicted population, paid British opium traders Conflict in Africa: the Boer War (1895-1902), The "Affairs" of the French Third Republic (1871-1914), The Balance of Power in Europe (1871-1914), Crises in the Balkans and the Road to Destruction (1874-1912). Historical scholarship, especially archaeology, led to questioning the veracity of the Bible, and philosophers like Marx and Nietzsche cast doubt on the morality of Christianity.

ports, shipping lines, rivers, et cetera in which one nation held Glossary • 13. The Marxist view of imperialism argues that industrialization and the rise of the Bourgeois class led to “the expansion of international markets, a need for food supplies and raw materials, and increasing competition among the industrializing powers to share in these global markets and resources.”[8] And to be sure, economic insecurities attributed to the need for empire. By this time, Britain's colonial territories spanned the world, and during the late 1800s Britain expanded their territorial possessions to include Egypt, Kenya, and South Africa. “Old Imperialism”. Despite Alexander's actions, unrest continued in Russia. Both understood the value of a unified German state, particularly one which excluded Austrian influence. He was captured on September 2, 1870 at the Battle of Sedan. This view guided its foreign policy.

The 04. The small states were still in a vacuum, however, and needed some form of encouragement to join with Prussia. to develop, as the successful capitalist states in east Asia seem With his work on aesthetics, gothic art, and folk poetry, Herder encouraged an idea that the Germans had a rich common cultural heritage.

08. This lead not only the seat of power being the Britain head of state, but that any national religious fervour be turned into national profitability and a centralization and depuration of notions regarding economic policies and legal proceeding. At Stolypin's recommendation, the czar ended redemption payments by the serfs, increased the power of the zemstvos, and allowed the peasants to own their land outright for the first time.

Nineteenth-Century Europe: A Cultural History. Disposable income became more common, and thus department stores and other similar stores began to open. century, Indo-British economic ties were so entrenched in a neo-mercantile system In a number of key battles, the war resulted in a surprise victory for Japan in a peace agreement brokered by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905. imperial era: some primitive nations received the necessary infrastructure As a result, the early nineteenth century saw numerous small insurrections against the autocrats ruling the Italian states, most notably with the French-inspired revolts of 1831, which afflicted the Papal States. French Revolution • These spheres of influence comprised territories,

The Victorian Age was a period in which appearances were critical to social status. European powers, France, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Russia held Child labour laws were being enacted across the continent, and compulsory education was enacted. Under Czar Nicholas II, who ruled from 1896 to 1917, the people believed that "papa czar" could hear their grievances and he would fix them. However, the new technologies of the nineteenth century encouraged imperial growth. These new mental sciences supported the concepts of real politick and capitalism, and rejected the notion that life is orderly, harmonious, predictable, or reasonable. An overview is provided of the reasons for imperialism, the Berlin Conference, the Scramble for Africa, the White Man's Burden, the Boer War, British imperialism in India, the Sepoy Rebellion, and imperialism in China and Japan. Vincent van Gogh used colour and vibrant swirling brush strokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and into the world. Imperialism was not, of course, a concept novel to the nineteenth century. France controlled Algeria, and Italy controlled Somalia. By the end of the eighteenth In 1895 British businessman and politician Cecil Rhodes argued, “in order to save the 40,000,000 inhabitants of the United Kingdom from a bloody civil war, we colonial statesmen must acquire new lands to settle the surplus population.”[11] However, imperialism did not have the same support from politicians and the pubic in France as it did in Germany and Great Britain. New leisure activities became popular, including hunting, travelling, and bicycling, as well as team sports, including polo, cricket, and soccer. up modern day Vietnam), Laos, and Cambodia. Another interpretation of nineteenth-century imperialism is that governments used colonization and overseas adventures as a distraction from domestic conflict. This broad feeling was encouraged by the works of eighteenth century German writers and philosophers, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and particularly Johann Gottfried von Herder. Colonization was seen as a waste of resources by those on the Right and the Left. Bibliography, From Wikibooks, open books for an open world, https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=European_History/European_Imperialism_and_Nationalism&oldid=3720977.

territorial and commercial advantages in their respective spheres High moral standards and strict social codes, especially of etiquette and class status, were followed. deficit with China by selling Indian opium into the Chinese market, Radicals in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. Painting realistic scenes of modern life, they emphasized vivid overall effects rather than details. and textiles; however, as Chinese demand slackened, Britain sought

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