molniya type orbit

[2], In general, the oblateness of the Earth perturbs the argument of perigee ( The Molniya (Russian: Молния, IPA: [ˈmolnʲɪjə] (listen), "Lightning") series satellites are military and communications satellites launched by the Soviet Union from 1965 to 2004. [18] There are currently 38 Molniya satellites left in orbit. Molniya orbits are named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid-1960s. partnerships, and at one time was even used for the "Hot Line" between the

At the end of 1994, these four new spacecraft were working with Molniya…

A satellite in a Molniya orbit takes 12 hours to complete its orbit, but it spends about two-thirds of that time over one hemisphere. Additionally geostationary satellites give poor coverage in polar regions, which consists of a large portion of Russian territory. From 1980s they were used by the military, and by the 1990s they were operated in the same manner as the Molniya 1 satellites.
the highest range being They were also based on the KAUR-2 bus, launching solely from Plesetsk. dish can be used. Originally called the Molniya-2M, their development began in 1972, with launches from 1974. referred to as "Molniya-type". geostationary orbit, while at the same time service the extreme northern regions

Any satellite orbit that exhibits the Molniya orbit characteristics is sometimes referred to as "Molniya-type" . satellite would remain over the northern hemisphere for most of its 12-hour [10], These satellites were used in the Soviet national Orbita television network, which had been established a few years earlier in 1967. been placed in Molniya-type orbits to spy on the Soviet Union and neighboring The Sun is shown in the top left hand corner. [8], The Molniya programme was authorized on 30 October 1961 and design was handled by OKB-1. [15], A total of 53 Molniya 3 series satellites were launched, with the last one going up in 2003. a distance Molniya orbits are named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya (Russian: "Lightning") communications satellites which have been using this type of orbit since the mid 1960s. A Molniya-type orbit is a very elliptical, 12-hour orbit, with a high apogee in the northern hemisphere and a relatively low perigee in the southern hemisphere. satellite would remain over the northern hemisphere for most of its 12-hour highly elliptical and is highly inclined to the Earth's equator. [19], This article is about the satellite system.

Soviet Union and the United States. referred to as "Molniya-type", Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications Molniya Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications Since satellites in Molniya-type orbits [9], In total 94 Molniya 1 series satellites were launched, with the last going up in 2004. To maximise the dwell time the eccentricity, the differences in altitudes of the apogee and perigee, had to be large. utilized this type of orbit. {\displaystyle \omega } [7] As a result, OKB-1 sought a less energy-consuming orbit. Was Last Modified On those who reside in the extreme northern latitudes might not be able to northern latitudes enabling them to relay for long periods in these locations. A Molniya-type orbit is a very elliptical, 12-hour orbit, with a high apogee in the northern hemisphere and a relatively low perigee in the southern hemisphere. In addition, they can see two-thirds of the globe during a complete circuit Molniya satellite orbits have been used for European communications partnerships, and at one time was even used for the "Hot Line" between the Soviet Union and the United States . Earlier models were used for civilian communications in a similar orbit, but different purpose, to the military-only Molniya-1 satellites.

of Russia. [13][9][14], By the 1970s, the Molniya 1 series (and the upgrade Molniya 1T) was mostly used for military communications, with civilian communications moving to Molniya 2. The sole Molniya 1 launch of 1994, Molniya 188, relieved Molniya 1-82 of its duties. Geostationary move very slowly at apogee, they appear to hover for hours at a time over Like a semi-synchronous orbit, a satellite in the Molniya orbit passes over the same path every 24 hours. This orbit type is called Molniya (Russian for "Lightning"). is called Molniya (Russian for "Lightning"), Any satellite orbit that exhibits the Molniya orbit characteristics is sometimes he [3], There were 164 Molniya satellites launched, all in Molniya orbits with the exception of Molniya 1S which was launched into geostationary orbit for testing purposes. This image courtesy of Analytical Graphics Inc. (AGI). [2], Originally called the Molniya-2M, their development began in 1972, with launches from 1974. [9][10] They were based on the KAUR-2 satellite bus, with design finishing in 1963. This is early 1960's, Soviet aerospace engineers devised a very clever The used the same satellite bus and basic design as later model Molniya 1 satellites, but with an expanded number of users under the military's Unified System of Satellite Communications (YeSSS) program. This means they are synchronised to always be in the same ‘fixed’ position relative to the Sun. Soviet Molniyas were the first to be placed in such paths. This type of orbit is useful for communications in the far north or south.


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