patella (anatomy)

Arterial blood enters via the anterior surface of the patella and an anastomotic patella ring is formed supplied by the paired superior and inferior geniculate arteries as well as the anterior tibial recurrent artery 7. The symptoms of chondromalacia patella often come on gradually. Maralcan G, Kuru I, Issi S et al. Read more. Copyright ©

The superior two thirds of the posterior articular surface of patella articulates with the anterior surface of the femoral condyles. • The patella is commonly referred to as the kneecap. If the examiner places a hand over the kneecap during flexion and extension, oftentimes grinding, or crepitus, can be felt. Anatomy Articulating Surfaces. A bone bruise occurs as a result of an injury to the surface of the bone beneath the soft tissue. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. The patella is part of the knee joint, along with the tibia (shin bone) and femur (thigh bone). The lateral articulating surface of the patella is usually larger than the medial articulating surface. X-rays looking particularly at the patellofemoral joint can show radiologic signs of arthritis that can suggest chondromalacia patella. It occurs in sporty adolescents whose tibia has not fully ossified. Grounded on academic literature and research, validated by experts, and trusted by more than 1 million users. The medial and lateral extensions of that tendon form the medial and lateral retinaculum of the patella. The symptoms of chondromalacia patella can resemble those of other knee problems. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body and is located anterior to knee joint within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, providing an attachment point for both the quadriceps tendon and the patellar ligament. The middle third of the patella has various vascular openings that allow for arteries to penetrate and supply the bone. Osgood-Schlatter disease occurs when quadriceps femoris pulls on the growth plate of the tibial tuberosity.

It is the largest sesamoid bone in the body, and lies within the quadriceps tendon. Frank H.Netter MD: Atlas of Human Anatomy, 5th Edition, Elsevier Saunders. Omissions?

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The patella serves for attachment of the quadriceps tendon (superiorly) and the patellar tendon (which attaches to the tibial tubercle, inferiorly), although few quadriceps tendon fibers are continuous over the anterior surface. 6. • Anatomists classify it as a sesamoid bone, which is often considered a subcategory of short bones, and it is the largest sesamoid bone found in the human skeleton.. Patella Function.
The apex, or point, of the patella points downward towards the shin while the base of the bone sits upward towards the thigh.

It sits in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage. If the knee fails to react (absent reflex), it may be a sign of a lower motor neurone lesion. The medial patellar retinaculum attaches to the vastus medialis / sartorius fascia and is often disrupted in lateral patellar dislocation. A traumatic injury to the knee, such as a direct blow to the kneecap or recurrent subluxation (partial dislocation) of the patella, can also cause chondromalacia patella. Patellar tendon: want to learn more about it?

The quadriceps femoris is a four-headed muscle that inserts onto the tibial tuberosity. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! Jarraya M, Diaz LE, Arndt WF, Roemer FW, Guermazi A. The patellar ligament is approximately 5 cm in length. However, its length is not constant and mostly increases from full extension to 30 degrees of knee flexion. It protects the knee and connects the muscles in the front of the thigh to the tibia. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body and it lies within the quadriceps tendon in front of the knee joint. 8. inflammation of a growth plate, caused by excessive pulling of the patellar tendon on the tibial tuberosity. Copyright © The ligament is passed through the tibia and the corresponding surface of the femur, in the same direction as the ACL (from a region just anterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibial, to the posteromedial surface of the lateral femoral condyle). The lateral patellar retinaculum, or canal, in the patella, allows muscle and tissue to pass through from the femur (thigh bone). The patella is pulled medially by the vastus medialis, and laterally by the vastus lateralis and the vastus intermedius. All rights reserved. If the knee extends too much and rapidly or forcefully extends (brisk/exaggerated reflex), it can be a sign of an upper motor neurone lesion.

It sits in front of the knee joint and protects the joint from damage.. An infrapatellar bursa also separates the patellar ligament from the tibia. The patellar tendon connects the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity, and improves the way the quadriceps muscle pulls on the tibia. 7. Arthroscopy is needed to make a definitive diagnosis, although useful clues may be obtained from the history and physical exam as well as from imaging studies. There are factors that prevent such displacement: larger lateral condyle of the femur, tension in the medial retinacular fibers and direction of insertion of fibers of the vastus medialis muscle. The bottom of the patella and the ends of the femur and tibia are covered with cartilage. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver, Author: W.M. (1997) ISBN:0397512562. The lateral patellar retinaculum is attached to the fascia of vastus lateralis and iliotibial band 6. In normal patients the knee should extend slightly. “I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half.” Anatomists classify it as a sesamoid bone, which is often considered a subcategory of short bones, and it is the largest sesamoid bone found in the human skeleton.. Patella Function. The bone has a medial and lateral border, as well as its base which lies proximally. In the older population it is usually associated with osteoarthritis in the patellofemoral joint. The distal pole of the posterior surface of the patella does not functionally form part of the joint and is denuded of cartilage 2. The apex of the patella gives rise to the patellar ligament, which inserts onto the tibial tuberosity on the anterior surface of the tibia. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica.

– Chummy S.Sinnatamby: Last’s Anatomy Regional and Applied, 12th Edition, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. The ossification centers of the patella appear between 3 and 6 years. They fuse at puberty, with higher levels of physical activity. The patellar tendon arises from the apex of the patella as well as its anterior and posterior surfaces. British volume. The quadriceps muscles pull the patella obliquely and laterally in relation to the femur. Kenhub. There is: They form a peripatellar anastomosis and supply the patella and the knee joint. When the patient is in bed for a prolonged period, the vastus medialis wastes more than the lateral pulling muscles, and hence the patella can be dislocated laterally, due to the pull of two muscles (vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius) against one medially pulling muscle (vastus medialis). Which part of the human body does chiropody deal with? “I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half.” Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver, Author:

The constellation of those symptoms may be referred to as the “theatre sign.” Other symptoms that patients will complain of are a grinding sensation, pain with walking up or down stairs, or pain when standing up from a sitting position. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":24732,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/patella/questions/352?lang=us"}. The progression of the condition can be graded once the diagnosis is made. Uruj Zehra MBBS, MPhil, PhD

Classically, the term refers to pathologic findings at the time of surgery. Chiropody is a name for a medical specialty whose history can be traced to 1500 BCE in Egypt. The patella is a thick, flat, triangular bone with its apex pointing downwards. Because the patella bone is located within the quadriceps tendon, it adds additional strength and leverage for those muscles, while also adding a layer of protection for the knee’s joint. The result is a slight kick of the knee. It can also be caused by an acute injury to the knee, such as in patellar dislocation or a direct blow to the knee. If you liked this article about The patella, please share it: Cells, tissues, organs, organs systems and organs apparatus, Splanchnology (SPLANCHNOLOGIA) - the science of internals, The muscles of the abdomen, lower back, and pelvis, The respiratory system of the head and neck, Lungs and Respiratory System of the Chest, The nervous system of the abdomen, lower back, and pelvis, The cardiovascular system of the head and neck, The cardiovascular system of the upper torso, The cardiovascular system of the lower torso, The cardiovascular system of the upper limbs, The cardiovascular system of the leg and foot, The immune and lymphatic system of the head and neck, The immune and lymphatic systems of the upper torso, The immune and lymphatic systems of the lower torso, Immune and lymphatic systems of the arm and hand, Immune and lymphatic systems of the leg and foot, The female reproductive organs of the lower torso, HIV | AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, GERD - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (Acid reflux), ACL injury | Tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament, Adult attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). If they have not had a dislocation previously i.e. The patella is also known as the kneecap. Patellar reflex- This is a reflex arc that occurs in a relaxed lower limb, when the patellar tendon is struck. And last, with prolonged walking or activity, some patients may complain of knee swelling. 1997;168 (6): 1493-9. 3. Because the patella bone is located within the quadriceps tendon, it adds additional strength and leverage for those muscles, while also adding a layer of protection for the knee’s joint. For example, the presence of joint space narrowing or osteophyte formation on the undersurface of the patella could be indicative of chondromalacia patella. Read more.

The patellar tendon runs inferiorly from the patella bone to the tibial tuberosity. The medial most portion of the medial facet lacks articular cartilage and is known as the odd facet 2,3. The patella (plural: patellae) is the largest sesamoid bone in the human body. Patellar tracking abnormalities can also be observed while having the patient flex and extend the knee. The patella is a sesamoid bone that lies within the quadriceps tendon. 2020 The patella is a sesamoid bone that lies within the quadriceps tendon. Last reviewed: August 31, 2020. Our engaging videos, interactive quizzes, in-depth articles and HD atlas are here to get you top results faster. They merge into a continuous capsule, and form the medial and lateral patellar retinacula. The patellar reflex may be more pronounced or diminished in some individuals and is not always a sign of neurological disease.

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