the inflation period was proposed

Therefore, the most likely number of non-compact (large) spatial dimensions is three. Hawking and Page later found ambiguous results when they attempted to compute the probability of inflation in the Hartle-Hawking initial state. It also predicts that the total curvature of a space-slice at constant global time is zero. It was developed around 1980 to explain several puzzles with the standard Big Bang theory, in which the universe expands relatively gradually throughout its history. [22], A key requirement is that inflation must continue long enough to produce the present observable universe from a single, small inflationary Hubble volume. This is a problem with Grand Unified Theories, which propose that at high temperatures (such as in the early universe) the electromagnetic force, strong, and weak nuclear forces are not actually fundamental forces but arise due to spontaneous symmetry breaking from a single gauge theory.

Was Cosmic Inflation The 'Bang' Of The Big Bang? In such models, most of the volume of the Universe is continuously inflating at any given time. More strikingly, inflation allows physicists to calculate the minute differences in temperature of different regions from quantum fluctuations during the inflationary era, and many of these quantitative predictions have been confirmed.[17][18]. 12
Together, these effects are called the inflationary "no-hair theorem"[21] by analogy with the no hair theorem for black holes. [29][33], The flatness problem is sometimes called one of the Dicke coincidences (along with the cosmological constant problem). [141] This model focuses on the dynamics of the early universe considered as a hot gas of strings. Guth proposed inflation in January 1981 to explain the nonexistence of magnetic monopoles;[50][51] it was Guth who coined the term "inflation". (The exact drop is model-dependent, but in the first models it was typically from 1027 K down to 1022 K.[24]) This relatively low temperature is maintained during the inflationary phase. [143], Since its introduction by Alan Guth in 1980, the inflationary paradigm has become widely accepted. ", http://www.physics.princeton.edu/~steinh/vaasrev.pdf, https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/sciam3.pdf, "Taming the multiverse—Stephen Hawking's final theory about the big bang", The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, "Big Bang or Big Bounce? The detailed particle physics mechanism responsible for inflation is unknown. It would have gone through a process of supercooling, seeking out a stable lower-energy state (a "true vacuum" in which the Higgs mechanism switched on), and it was this supercooling process which drove the inflationary period of rapid expansion. Therefore, there ought to be corrections from Planck-scale physics, in particular the unknown quantum theory of gravity. In this sense they are reminiscent of Richard Chace Tolman's oscillatory universe; in Tolman's model, however, the total age of the Universe is necessarily finite, while in these models this is not necessarily so. In an expanding universe, energy densities generally fall, or get diluted, as the volume of the Universe increases.

An expanding universe generally has a cosmological horizon, which, by analogy with the more familiar horizon caused by the curvature of Earth's surface, marks the boundary of the part of the Universe that an observer can see. This is not usually considered to be a critical problem, however, because the scale of inflation corresponds naturally to the scale of gauge unification. This theory, governed by the Dirac-Born-Infeld action, is different from ordinary inflation.

Thus, the universe would have been even more special before the thermalization than after. Later, Willem de Sitter found a highly symmetric inflating universe, which described a universe with a cosmological constant that is otherwise empty. [114] He stressed that the thermodynamic arrow of time necessitates low entropy initial conditions, which would be highly unlikely.

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