what causes climate change

�!_�`��G�Y�-#�'�".\�b�H�Z��7�q_�{L}K�AB0]{�5Q� F�]�p���z�`�� Low solar luminosity during Precambrian time underlies the faint young Sun paradox, described in the article Climate Change Throughout History. endstream endobj 150 0 obj <>stream A number of short-lived climate forcers have climate warming effects and together are the most important contributors to the human enhancement of the greenhouse effect after carbon dioxide. Humans are increasingly influencing the climate and the earth's temperature by burning fossil fuels, cutting down rainforests and farming livestock. These natural archives, often referred to as proxy evidence, are extraordinarily diverse; they include, but are not limited to, fossil records of past plant and animal distributions, sedimentary and geochemical indicators of former conditions of oceans and continents, and land surface features characteristic of past climates. Rapid changes in an external factor can push the climate system into a new mode. A simplified animation of the greenhouse effect. Do you know about the threats facing nonhuman life on Earth? !۪�o��t�y����8zz:̋$9�/��=:�� ߉)$ Second, the tilt of Earth’s axis with respect to the Sun, which is primarily responsible for Earth’s seasonal climates, varies between 22.1° and 24.5° from the plane of Earth’s rotation around the Sun. Climatic changes of the past 200–300 years, especially since the early 1900s, are documented by instrumental records and other archives. The feedbacks involve different components that operate at different rates and timescales. Learn about the causes and effects of water scarcity at a global level, and about its strategies and solutions. In terms of the Earth's energy balance, these factors primarily influence the amount of incoming energy. ������/(*��!*ț�|�������:0�΂ https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/global-warming-causes.html, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, because their emissions are much lower than CO2. That might not seem like a lot, but the average temperature during the last Ice Age was about 4º F lower than it is today. Undoubtedly, people have always been aware of climatic variation at the relatively short timescales of seasons, years, and decades. Human activities—especially fossil-fuel combustion since the Industrial Revolution—are responsible for steady increases in atmospheric concentrations of various greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Causes of climate change. Climate is influenced by a multitude of factors that operate at timescales ranging from hours to hundreds of millions of years. The atmosphere is a dynamic fluid that is continually in motion. A recent example is the 1991 eruption in the Philippines of Mount Pinatubo, which had measurable influences on atmospheric circulation and heat budgets. Start your free trial today for unlimited access to Britannica. With a special section for educators, Climate … Wherever possible, paleoclimatologists try to use multiple lines of evidence to cross-check their conclusions. The extent to which these factors contribute to recent and ongoing climate change is an important, emerging area of study. But because their emissions are much lower than CO2, none of these gases trap as much heat in the atmosphere as CO2 does. Targeting upper-elementary-aged children, the site includes interactive games, hands-on activities, and engaging articles that make climate science accessible and fun. h�b``�b``�g`e`����ˀ �@16� �j��y4�E�\�u��)����� nP�����%q�V b%��@&�ی]L|l��l�9�������c�a���ϑ��(��C���/��*�]\�ŸEYR�٣7oK�����s?K�; ��3p�ƀ ΃=Òz��K.#��Z� ��� � ��&� Revolutionary changes in the understanding of Earth’s climate history have occurred since the 1990s, and coming decades will bring many new insights and interpretations. Climate change can involve both changes in average conditions and changes in variability, including, for example, extreme events. The average temperature of the Earth is rising at nearly twice the rate it was 50 years ago. Methane is responsible for 17% of man-made global warming, nitrous oxide for 6%. Other short-lived climate forcers have climate cooling effects, most notably sulphate aerosols. The dominant product of fossil fuel combustion is carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. Of these, the two factors relevant on timescales of contemporary climate change are changes in volcanic activity and changes in solar radiation. Paleoclimatologists study these natural archives by collecting cores, or cylindrical samples, of sediments from lakes, bogs, and oceans; by studying surface features and geological strata; by examining tree ring patterns from cores or sections of living and dead trees; by drilling into marine corals and cave stalagmites; by drilling into the ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland and the high-elevation glaciers of the Plateau of Tibet, the Andes, and other montane regions; and by a wide variety of other means. Test your knowledge of this "hot" topic with this quiz. For example, the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau during the Cenozoic Era affected atmospheric circulation patterns, creating the South Asian monsoon and influencing climate over much of the rest of Asia and neighbouring regions. Ongoing climatic changes are being monitored by networks of sensors in space, on the land surface, and both on and below the surface of the world’s oceans. There is broad-based agreement within the scientific community that climate change is real. Other greenhouse gases are emitted in smaller quantities, but they trap heat far more effectively than CO2, and in some cases are thousands of times stronger. Recognition of global climate change as an environmental issue has drawn attention to the climatic impact of human activities. ��+��kW��S�MnpWOT���lT%�9z�~Eps��.�Yb�eF� ��^-�މ�Y0-}�z������.\���z�(N>|��}~�.��Y�g_H�'�kkuot�I�/f� �˴��$���9�k�kT�3�x��b�u,ۂ ~ �7����:|7��%�K�[��mRf?I�O�i^q�i7���� ���� ��`���G�u�)����S%[{ .K t���E��m��c�=�:7P����T5�昚C�� A more specific definition would state that climate is the mean state and variability of these features over some extended time period. Most come from the combustion of fossil fuels in cars, buildings, factories, and power plants. endstream endobj 146 0 obj <>/Metadata 17 0 R/OpenAction 147 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/PageMode/UseThumbs/Pages 143 0 R/StructTreeRoot 38 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 147 0 obj <> endobj 148 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/Properties<>>>/Shading<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Thumb 15 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 149 0 obj <>stream Some, like certain aerosols, can produce cooling. At the same time, the transfer of water molecules from soil to the atmosphere is mediated by vegetation, both directly (from transpiration through plant stomata) and indirectly (from shading and temperature influences on direct evaporation from soil). 145 0 obj <> endobj Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate change) contribute to greater storm damage; warming ocean temperatures are associated with stronger and more frequent storms; additional rainfall, particularly during severe weather events, leads to flooding and other damage; an increase in the incidence and severity of wildfires threatens habitats, homes, and lives; and heat waves contribute to human deaths and other consequences. In any case, economists agree that acting to reduce fossil fuel emissions would be far less expensive than dealing with the consequences of not doing so. Many climatologists have pointed to this warming pattern as clear evidence of human-induced climate change resulting from the production of greenhouse gases. Many of these gases occur naturally, but human activity is increasing the concentrations of some of them in the atmosphere, in particular: CO2 is the greenhouse gas most commonly produced by human activities and it is responsible for 64% of man-made global warming. ��(D �@�o�Iٛ���\�K�O��݀�� ��q(��[�+�ro�Y���G����9���s� mHb�s�a�(�i���N���0di� �i�s�qjg֓ϑ��M�f�4�ͤ)ד�>��TޡB�&r�Qb���{�1:�Y�A��0.\ �06��ZտB- ��⤩l�*C�a�+BFo(�!w�ݜ��G��������wS��)�E܉tJE�@F\hB�H��x�vI�%��09|a͔.�@~�5₵n`��2_$�hZ��".&�d�i?��$���bu�i��y��;�!NB����c������m޻�6� " [U��(��

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