what did the space act of 1958 do

The United States could no longer rely on European refugees for all of its mathematicians, though they remained an important source, so it had to drastically increase the domestic supply. The small silver orb, visible to the human eye on a clear day, put space policy — and the educational needs that went with it — on center stage. 85-864; 72 Stat. [6], The act, therefore, was designed to fulfill two purposes. A total of 8,750 pounds was placed in orbit, of which 150 pounds was the payload.

Title VI provides funding for language and area studies programs. At the time, "mathematics" was interpreted as pure mathematics rather than applied mathematics. The United Nations and the Outer Space Treaty. Sputnik 3, launched on May 15, 1958, carried 12 instruments to study Earth’s upper atmosphere and space and was also the heaviest satellite to that time, weighing 1,327 kg (2,926 pounds).

[9] Title IV was also one of the only two federal programs (along with Title VI of the NDEA) in existence at the time that gave any funding to the humanities. This included providing federal help to foreign language scholars, area studies centers, and engineering students. COPUOUS was established in 1958 and made permanent in 1959. [3] However, in the aftermath of McCarthyism, a mandate was inserted in the act that all beneficiaries must complete an affidavit disclaiming belief in the overthrow of the U.S. government. The Space Act has been amended many times since 1958 (see online reference below for details), but these goals have been little changed. 18 Dec. 1958 An Air Force Atlas booster placed into orbit a communications relay satellite, PROJECT SCORE or the "talking atlas."

Initially, Title II provided scholarships (also known as grants) rather than loans. Title IV provides funding for graduate fellowships in order to increase the number of graduate-level professionals and university professors.

However, some members of Congress expressed worry about the message sent by giving students a "free ride." The House version of the bill eliminated scholarship money, while the Senate reduced the amount of scholarship money. The early Soviet success in the Space Race catalyzed a national sense of unease with Soviet technological advances, especially after the Soviet Union launched the first-ever satellite, Sputnik, the previous year. On 19 Dec. President Eisenhower's Christmas message was beamed from the PROJECT SCORE satellite in orbit, the first voice sent from space. The act authorized funding for four years, increasing funding per year: for example, funding increased on eight program titles from $183 million in 1959 to $222 million in 1960.

An Act about space activities and high power rockets, and for related purposes. "Area studies" includes such subjects as African American studies and Latin American studies. [1] Some in higher education opposed the disclaimer affidavit, as it came to be called, because they said it attempted to control beliefs and as such violated academic freedom. Sputnik 3 was originally intended to be the first satellite, but its complexity and size led the Soviets to launch the much simpler Sputnik 1 to beat the United States into space. For the carcinogenic nitrosamine, see, Learn how and when to remove this template message, American Association of University Professors, "Sputnik Left Legacy for U.S. Science Education", Copy of the original National Defense Education Act (P.L. NDEA was among many science initiatives implemented by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1958 to increase the technological sophistication and power of the United States alongside, for instance, DARPA and NASA. This laid the groundwork for Academically Gifted (AG) and Gifted & Talented (GT) programs and began the trend of using standardized testing in schools to measure competency. [4], After four years of seemingly ineffective protest, the disclaimer requirement was repealed in the Fall of 1962 by President John F. Kennedy who was spurred by an incident extraneous to universities' protests. Title I of the NDEA serves as an introduction to the content and purposes of the Act. 1580), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Defense_Education_Act&oldid=981302609, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Second it provided financial assistance—primarily through the National Defense Student Loan program—for thousands of students who would be part of the growing numbers enrolling at colleges and universities in the 1960s.[2]. Title V includes provisions for the training of guidance counselors and the implementation of testing programs to identify gifted students. government.

[10] Kennedy interpreted this case proved the affidavit clause to be ineffective, and, in spite of—rather than because of—protest prior to 1961, the disclaimer requirement was excised. 1 Short title This Act may be cited as the Space (Launches and Returns) Act 2018.

By 1970, 7.5 million students were attending colleges in the United States, or 40 percent of college-age youths. The Sputnik Crisis and National Defense Education Act of 1958" (Greenwood Press; 1981) 225 pages; Copy of the original National Defense Education Act (P.L. [11], "NDEA" redirects here. 2 Commencement This Act commences on the day on which it receives the Royal Assent. Title VIII provided funding for vocational training in order to better prepare citizens for the workforce. Part 1 — Introduction. As of mid-2016, it has 77 members, including major space … U.S. citizens feared that education in the USSR was superior to that in the United States, and Congress reacted by adding the act to bring U.S. schools up to speed.[3]. This page was last edited on 1 October 2020, at 14:01. 85-864; 72 Stat. The year 1957 also coincided with an acute shortage of mathematicians in the United States. [7], Title III provides additional financial assistance for the purposes of strengthening science, math, and foreign language programs. Title X contains miscellaneous provisions regarding legal and pragmatic details of the Act. The electronic computer created a demand for mathematicians as programmers and it also shortened the lead time between the development of a new mathematical theory and its practical application, thereby making their work more valuable. Initially, a small number of institutions (Barnard, Yale, and Princeton) refused to accept funding under the student loan program established by the act because of the affidavit requirement. An Act to strengthen the national defense and to encourage and assist in the expansion and improvement of educational programs to meet critical national needs and for other purposes. First, it was designed to provide the country with specific defense oriented personnel. [1] By 1962, when the disclaimer affidavit was repealed, the number of schools protesting the clause was 153. [5] By 1960, however, college enrollments had expanded to 3.6 million. This requisite loyalty statement stirred concern and protest from the American Association of University Professors and over 153 institutions. [2] In total, over a billion dollars was directed towards improving American science curricula. So did its successor, the pug-nosed pilot from Klushino, Russia. The problem in the 1950s and 1960s was that industry, including defense, was absorbing the mathematicians who should have been at high schools and universities training the next generation. Priority was given to students who stated an interest in becoming a professor. On August 8, Eisenhower nominated T. Keith Glennan, the president of the Case Institute of Technology in Cleveland, Ohio, to be NASA's first administrator. Additionally, more high school graduates were beginning to attend college. In 1940 about one-half million Americans attended college, which was about 15 percent of their age group. However, certain fields (such as folklore) were specifically exempted from these fellowships. Title II authorizes the provision of student loans and provides terms by which they may be awarded. It followed a growing national sense that U.S. scientists were falling behind scientists in the Soviet Union. Title VII provided funding for research in the more effective use of technology for educational purposes. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 (Public Law 85Ð568) stated that the NACA would become NASA after ninety days unless the transition was proclaimed sooner by the NASA administrator.


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