spanish invasion of portugal 1580

In Greenglass, M (ed) Conquest and coalescence. The shaping of the state in early … An invasion was attempted in 1589 under Sir Francis Drake—leading the so-called English Armada—but ended in failure. The Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 (Portuguese: Crise de sucessão de 1580) came about as a result of the deaths of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578 and his successor and great-uncle Henry I in 1580. As Sebastian and Henry had no immediate heirs, these events prompted a dynastic crisis, with internal and external battles between several pretenders to the Portuguese throne; in addition, because Sebastian's body was never found, several impostors emerged … The Invasion of Portugal (19–30 November 1807) saw an Imperial French corps under Jean-Andoche Junot and Spanish military troops invade the Kingdom of Portugal, which was headed by its Prince Regent João of Bragança (John of Braganza). Two more battles (1582 and 1583) over the succession were fought in the Azores. Philip II was a foreigner (although his mother was Portuguese) and descended from Manuel I by a female line; as for Anthony, although he was Manuel I's grandson in the male line, he was of illegitimate birth. Philip II of Spain managed to bring the aristocracy of the kingdom as support to his side. Sixty years after these events, John II, Duke of Braganza (1603–1656) accepted the throne offered by the Portuguese nobility, who had become frustrated under Habsburg rule, becoming John IV of Portugal. António was the illegitimate son of Infante Luis (1506–1555), and therefore grandson of King Manuel I. By mid-August, the Duke was only 10 kilometers from the city. Following the death of King Sebastian, Antonio had put forward his own claim, but his pretensions were overlooked in favour of Cardinal Henry. The heir by primogeniture was her nephew Ranuccio Farnese, being the son of Catherine's late older sister Maria, followed by his siblings; then the Duchess herself and her children; and only after them, King Philip. Henry had served as regent for Sebastian after 1562, and succeeded him as king after the disastrous Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578. Invasion of Portugal. Spain and Portugal would remain united in a personal union of the crowns (remaining formally independent and with autonomous administrations) for the next 60 years, until 1640. The military operation resulted in the almost bloodless occupation of Portugal. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, and Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power. John was raised to the throne of Portugal (of which he was then held to be the legitimate heir) during the coup d'etat effected on 1 December 1640 against King Philip IV. It was precisely because of his illegitimacy that his claim to the throne was weak and considered invalid. The Duke of Alba met little resistance and in July landed his forces at Cascais, west of Lisbon. The death of Sebastian I in 1578 saw a dynastic crisis that was resolved in 1580 when Spain’s Phillip II invaded Portugal. After the fall of Lisbon, he purported to rule the country from Terceira Island, in the Azores, where he established a government in exile until 1583; António even had coins minted—a typical assertion of sovereignty and royalty. The Spanish attempt to conquer Portugal was one of the main military episodes of the Seven Years’ War. In 1571, the Spanish navy defeated the Ottoman Empire, leaving Spain in control of the western Mediterranean. The 11-year-old Ranuccio Farnese, Hereditary Duke of Parma and Piacenza, was the grandson of Infante Duarte of Portugal, the only son of Manuel I whose legitimate descendants survived at that time. [1], Portuguese nobility was worried about the maintenance of their independence and sought help to find a new king. The Portuguese succession crisis of 1580 (Portuguese: Crise de sucessão de 1580) came about as a result of the deaths of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir in 1578 and his successor and great-uncle Henry I in 1580. In 1807 a pact was signed between France and Spain; the Fontainebleau Treaty in name of the Spanish king Charles IV by Manuel Godoy and Napoleon Bonaparte.They agreed to a joint military invasion of Portugal, which would allow the French troops to cross Spain to get to Portugal, which was allied with Great Britain. In 1580 the French crown sent a fleet under the command of the mercenary Admiral Filipo Strozzi to help defend the islands. The Spanish invasion of Portugal in 1762 was one of the most difficult situations faced by the Portuguese monarch, King Joseph I. This period is called the Iberian Union. António of Portugal and Philip of Spain António, Prior of Crato (1531–1595) was a claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 crisis and, according to some historians, King of Portugal (during a short time (38 days) in 1580 in mainland Portugal, and since then until 1583, in the Azores). Volume 6 (1999). In 1807 Spain’s problems were compounded when Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops entered the Iberian Peninsula. Two days later, the Duke of Alba captured Lisbon, and on March 25, 1581, Philip of Spain was crowned King of Portugal as Philip I. 1580. By this time the Portuguese throne was disputed by several claimants. The military operation resulted in the almost bloodless occupation of Portugal… [10][11] Dom António was therefore forced to recruit an irregular army composed mainly of local peasants and townspeople[12][13][14] as well as 3,000 African slaves who fought for António in exchange for their freedom.[15][16]. Dom António also lacked support from what was left of the Portuguese nobility and high clergy, which chose to support Philip II instead. His government in Terceira island was only recognized in the Azores, whereas on the continent and in the Madeira Islands power was exercised by Philip II, who was acclaimed king in 1580 as Philip I of Portugal and recognized as official king by the Cortes of Tomar in 1581. Her weaknesses were her sex (Portugal had not had a generally recognised queen regnant) and her being the second daughter, there thus existing a genealogically senior claimant. Spanish Portuguese War. Stephen Clissold | Published in … Consequently there was a small but relatively significant exiled Portuguese community in England and with the defeat of the Armada, António and … In Portugal, the death of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578, with only an elderly childless great uncle to succeed him, plunged the country into a succession crisis. The Shotgun Marriage: Spain's Annexation of Portugal In 1580, Portugal was joined with Spain in a sixty-year long and unpopular union. This page was last edited on 19 August 2020, at 19:15. Spanish Defeat. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer: Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Spanish army, both on land and sea. In Portugal, the death of King Sebastian of Portugal in 1578, with only an elderly childless great uncle to succeed him, plunged the country into a succession crisis. 18th June - Alentejo towns of Arronches, Campo Maior, Elvas, Olivença, and Juromenha, accepts claim of Spanish King Dom Felipe II to the Portuguese throne. Among them were:[2]. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. He was the grandson of Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, who had in 1580 claimed the Portuguese crown, and son of Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza (who died insane in 1630). 1580. The Suevi settled in northern Portugal, the Vandals in southern Spain from where twenty years later a large Vandal force moved on to the conquest of Northern Africa. Some authors consider him the last monarch of the House of Aviz (instead of Cardinal-King Henry) and the 18th King of Portugal. Needed a Deep Sea Water Port to Embark their troops. The Invasion of Portugal (19–30 November 1807) saw an Imperial French corps under Jean-Andoche Junot and Spanish military troops invade the Kingdom of Portugal, which was headed by its Prince Regent João of Bragança. However, his father Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma was an ally and even a subject of the Spanish king, another contender, so Ranuccio's rights were not very forcibly claimed at that time. However, he soon realised that he had quite a fragile position due to the claims of Philip II, who gained control of the country, thus uniting Spain and Portugal. On 24 July 1580, António proclaimed himself King of Portugal in Santarém, followed by acclamation in several locations throughout the country; his domestic government lasted for 20 days, until he was defeated in the Battle of Alcântara by Habsburg armies led by the Duke of Alba. The duchess's claim was relatively strong, as it was reinforced by her husband's position as one of the legitimate heirs; thus they would both be entitled to hold the kingship. Two years earlier, the Portuguese army had been decimated at the Battle of Ksar El Kebir (1578),[9] causing the death and imprisonment of tens of thousands of Portuguese soldiers and nobles. Ranuccio was according to primogeniture the heir to the throne of Portugal. The descendants of the Duchess of Braganza obtained the throne in 1640 (in the person of her grandson John IV of Portugal), but at 1580, she was only one of several possible heirs. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, and Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! "Sebastianism", the legend that the young king would return to Portugal on a foggy day persisted for years, and was even strong into the 1800s. The Spanish monarchy co-operated because it hoped to secure Southern Portugal … For the aristocracy, a personal union with Spain would prove highly profitable for Portugal at a time when the state finances were suffering. through Gaul into Spain and Portugal. West of the small brook Alcântara, the Spanish encountered a Portuguese force on the eastern side of it, commanded by António, Prior of Crato (a grandson of King Manuel I of Portugal who had proclaimed himself King as António I) and his lieutenant Francisco de Portugal, 3rd Count of Vimioso. War of the Castilian Succession (1475–79), when Portugal intervened in a Castilian civil war, which ended with a Portugueses naval victory and a Castilian land victory; War of the Portuguese Succession (1580–83), when Portugal passed under the rule of the Spanish Monarchy In any case, life was calm and serene under the first two Habsburg kings; they maintained Portugal's status and gave excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish Court, and Portugal maintained an independent law, currency and government. The Cardinal-King died two years later, without having appointed a Council of Regency to choose a successor. Philip II had a legitimate claim to the throne, but as with many other dynastic struggles of the age, it was shrouded in controversy. Elliott, J H 1991 The Spanish monarchy and the kingdom of Portugal, 1580–1640. António tried to seduce the people for his cause, comparing the present situation to that of the Crisis of 1385. On 19 June 1580, stimulated by the bishop of Guarda, João de Portugal, a group of his supporters at Santarém publicly acclaimed him as the new king of Portugal. English Catholics to rise in support. Moreover, the Duchess was living in Portugal, not abroad, and was not underage, but 40 years old. When Spain conquered Portugal in 1580, the only portion of the Portuguese overseas empire to resist the Spanish was the Azores. The matter of whether Portugal was actually invaded by Spain is contested. [17] At the end of 1580, most of the Portuguese territory was in Spanish hands. António, Prior of Crato (1531–1595) was a claimant of the Portuguese throne during the 1580 crisis and, according to some historians, King of Portugal (during a short time (38 days[3]) in 1580 in mainland Portugal, and since then until 1583, in the Azores). However, Portugal saw its wealth gradually decreasing. In 1580 a succession crisis led to a successful invasion by the King of Spain and Spanish rule, beginning an era known to opponents as the Spanish Captivity, but a successful rebellion in 1640 led to independence once more. In the previous Spanish-Portuguese War 1762–1763, Spain had conquered the Colonia del Sacramento, Santa Tecla, San Miguel, Santa Teresa and Rio Grande de São Pedro in the First Cevallos expedition. Ranuccio became reigning Duke of Parma in 1592. There were many impostors who claimed to be King Sebastian, variously in 1584, 1585, 1595, and 1598. Ultimately, Philip II of Spain gained control of the country, uniting the Portuguese and Spanish Crowns in the Iberian Union, a personal union that would last for sixty years, during which time the Portuguese Empire declined, being challenged globally during the Dutch-Portuguese War. Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492-1700 Book Description: A narrative and interpretive history of Spanish and Portuguese exploration, settlement, and colonization of the Americas. After his defeat in the Azores, António went into exile in France—traditional enemy of the Habsburgs—and courted the support of England. King Philip II of Spain was one of seven who laid claim to the Portuguese throne, and in June 1580 a Spanish army of about 40,000 men[6] (about half of which were German and Italian mercenaries)[7][8] invaded Portugal, under the command of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. King Philip II of Spain was one of seven who laid claim to the Portuguese throne, and in June 1580 a Spanish army of about 40,000 men (about half of which were German and Italian mercenaries) invaded Portugal, under the command of Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. According to primogeniture, the line of succession of the Portuguese throne would have been: Claimants following King Henry I's death (1580). The mercantile culture of Portugal was fairly open to the advantages which unity with Spain would bring - trade routes over land … Espasa. In 1580, Spain had invaded its smaller Iberian neighbour and drove out its briefly ruling king António, who fled to England. The decimated Antonian army fled towards Porto with the intention of reassembling his troops, but was completely destroyed at Porto by the Spanish forces under the command of Don Sancho d'Avila. Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (1556–1598), King of Portugal (1580–1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558). Catherine was married to João I, Duke of Braganza (descendant in male line from Afonso I, Duke of Braganza, an illegitimate son of King John I of Portugal), who himself was grandson of the late Duke Jaime of Braganza, also a legitimate heir of Portugal, being the son of Infanta Isabella, sister of Manuel I and daughter of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu, second son of King Duarte I. The Invasion of Portugal may refer to several invasions of Portugal including one of the following events: Spanish invasion of Portugal during the War of the Portuguese Succession (1580) Spanish invasion of Portugal (1762), part of the Seven Years' War. Even though it was an autonomous state, Portuguese colonies came under sustained attack from their enemies, especially the Dutch and English. [4], From 19 July (when he was proclaimed King in, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Ranuccio Farnese, Hereditary Duke of Parma, Juvarra's Project for the Royal Palace in Lisbon, Project for the Royal Palace in Campo de Ourique, United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves, List of titles and honours of the Portuguese Crown, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza (current pretender), Genealogical tree of the monarchs of Portugal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580&oldid=1016194817, Articles needing additional references from August 2020, All articles needing additional references, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 5 April 2021, at 21:47. The duchess also had a son, Dom Teodósio de Braganza, who would be her royal heir and successor to the throne. Spanish Armada. Four days later, he and his forces entered Lisbon, where he was also received as king and began acting as Portugal’s new monarch (Veloso 1953: 151-153 and Serrão 1956). An army under the great duke of Alba entered Portugal in 1580; the resistance of António, prior of Crato (illegitimate son of John III’s brother Luís), acclaimed António I at Santarém, collapsed; and Philip II of Spain became Philip I of Portugal (1580–98). This led to a revolution in 1640, sixty years after its creation. Portugal and Spain were again split. Initially Spain was an ally of France and Napoleon sought co-operation from Spain for his invasion of Portugal. In January 1580, when the Cortes Gerais were assembled in Almeirim to decide upon an heir, the old Cardinal-King Henry died and the Regency of the Kingdom was assumed by a Council of five members. The new king's election was carried on condition that the kingdom and its overseas territories should remain separate from Spain and keep their own laws and Cortes. An army of 37,000 Spanish troops entered Portugal and made a bee-line for Lisbon, which was subdued by September of 1580. Study Flashcards On History - Spain - Philip II and annexation of Portugal 1580 at Cram.com. Depose Elizabeth I for Mary Queen of Scots, (after 1587 the Infanta) Parma's army to be collected and invade the South. Instead, Ranuccio's maternal aunt Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, claimed the throne, very ambitiously, but failed. 27th June - Spanish army invades Portugal led by Fernando Alvarez de Toledo (Duke of Alba) - occupy Arraiolos, Évora and Montemor and Vila Viçosa. 1588. The Battle of Alcântara took place on 25 August 1580, near the brook of Alcântara, in the vicinity of Lisbon, Portugal, and was a victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne, Dom António, Prior of Crato. The Spanish invasion of Portugal, between 9 May and 24 November 1762, was the principal military campaign of the Spanish–Portuguese War, 1761–1763, which in … The death of Sebastian I in 1578 saw a dynastic crisis that was resolved in 1580 when Spain’s Phillip II invaded Portugal. The threat of invasion by Spain loomed large for much of Elizabeth I's reign, culminating in the launch of the Armada in 1588. António continued to fight until the end of his life for his rights to the throne. He was also Duke of Milan from 1540. As Sebastian and Henry had no immediate heirs, these events prompted a dynastic crisis, with internal and external battles between several pretenders to the Portuguese throne; in addition, because Sebastian's body was never found, several impostors emerged over the next several years claiming to be the young king, further confusing the situation. It was even proposed to move the Imperial capital to Lisbon. Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer p.296, History of Portugal: pamphlet collection p.267, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Francisco de Portugal, 3rd Count of Vimioso, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Alcântara_(1580)&oldid=973877450, Articles needing additional references from August 2016, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Henry renounced his clerical offices and sought to take a bride for the continuation of the Aviz dynasty, but Pope Gregory XIII, affiliated with the Habsburgs, did not release him from his vows. We then closely examine his invasion of Spain and Portugal, the flight of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil, and the imprisonment of the king and crown prince of Spain. Then—just as in 1580—the king of Castile had invoked blood descent to inherit the Portuguese throne; and the Master of Aviz (John I), illegitimate son of King Peter I, asserted his right to the throne at the Battle of Aljubarrota, which ended in a victory for John's troops, and in the Cortes of Coimbra in 1385. The Cardinal Henry, Sebastian's grand-uncle, became ruler in the immediate wake of Sebastian's death. 1580. This Germanic invasion of the Iberian Peninsula began in 409, the first to arrive being the Suevi, the Alans and the Vandals. Following the death of his uncle, Henry I of Portugal, on 31 January 1580, Emmanuel Philibert fought to impose his rights as a claimant to the Portuguese throne. After Philip II of Spain had occupied Portugal in 1580, the island of Terceira in the Azores held out for António of Crato, who himself sought alliances in England and France. The 1492 Columbus landfall accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal, and the two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands. The French occupation of Spain and Portugal sets off a war of skirmishes and a British invasion. Columbus and the Caribbean Caribbean and Panama 1500-21 Cortes in Mexico 1519-28 Mexico 1528-1… Strozzi to help defend the islands quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more nobility was about... 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