orobanche and striga are examples of

Parasitic witchweeds (Striga spp.) Facultative parasites such as most of the parasitic species in the Scrophulariaceae are not nutritionally dependent on a host plant but they are invariably attached to one in nature. Striga hermonthica on rice Orobanche ramosa on tomato Fig. directly invade the roots of crop plants connecting to the vascular system and abstracting nutrients and water.As a consequence they cause devastating losses in crop yield. Partial Root Parasite- Striga lutea on Sugarcane and Sorghum iii. Alternately, plants like Cuscuta and Orobanche connect only to the phloem of the host (phloem-feeding). This provides them with the ability to extract water and nutrients from the host. 1 Pictures of Striga (photograph by Zhongkui Sun) and Orobanche (photograph by Radoslava) Orobanche Other notorious parasitic plants are the holoparasitic angiosperms of the genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae). and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) Of the more than 100 Orobanche spp., only Orobanche crenata, Orobanche ramosa The best-studied examples are parasites of the family Orobanchaceae (e.g., Orobanche, Phelipanche, and Striga), the seeds of which are extremely small and may sit in the soil for years until the root of an appropriate host has grown nearby. For example, Striga, Alectra and Orobanche infect a wide range of plants in the dry tropics and subtropics. Genetic resistance to parasitic weeds is a highly desirable component of any control strategy. Up to now, several of these germination stimulants have been isolated and identified in the Witchweeds (Striga spp.) Those parasites which attack roots are termed as root parasites and those which attack the shoot of other plants are called as stem parasites. The seeds of parasitic plants of the genera Striga and Orobanche will only germinate after induction by a chemical signal exuded from the roots of their host. Total Stem Parasite- Cuscuta chinensis on Lucerne and Onion iv. Proceedings of the third international workshop on Orobanche and related Striga research, Amsterdam, Netherlands, November 1993, 614-618. Introduction Parasitic plants of the genera Striga, Orobanche and Phelipanche (Orobanchaceae) have an absolute require-ment for a host, and have evolved a mechanism by which seeds germinate specifically in response to the pres-ence of a nearby host root. Many of these genera (e.g., Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Striga) were formerly included in the family Scrophulariaceae sensu lato. Transcriptome assembly to identify genes in Striga and Orobanche was used to investigate the involvement of virulence proteins on a genome-wide scale [120] [121][122]. Orobanche minor in the Netherlands: an agricultural problem became an endangered species. In: Pieterse AH, Verkleij JAC, ter Borg SJ, eds, Biology and management of Orobanche. Broomrape, Phelipanche, Striga, Strigolactone, Triphysaria, Witchweed 1. At present, over 50 Control of these parasitic plants is extremely difficult, because they produce a large number of seeds that remain viable in the soil for many years until they detect germination stimulants released from host roots. Root parasitic plants of the Striga, Orobanche, and Alectra genera (Orobanchaceae) cause serious losses in crop yields in many parts of the world. For example, plants like Striga or Rhinanthus connect only to the xylem, via xylem bridges (xylem-feeding). Orobanchaceae, the broomrapes, is a family of mostly parasitic plants of the order Lamiales, with about 90 genera and more than 2000 species. With its new circumscription, Orobanchaceae forms a distinct, monophyletic family. Total Root Parasite- Orobanche cernua on Tobacco ii. All species of Orobanche and most Striga are obligate parasites-they will not develop at all without a host. are especially destructive and affect large areas of the globe, including many developing nations, where they have potential to greatly decrease yield and quality of host crops. Timko MP, Flore CS, Riopel JL, 1989. and broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) i. And nutrients from the host, Flore CS, Riopel JL, 1989 or Rhinanthus connect only to phloem. The ability to extract water and nutrients from the host Orobanchaceae forms distinct... 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